Pdf bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring. Infection of the fluid in the spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the brain viral or bacterial etiology is important because of the seriousness of the illness and the treatment needed viral meningitis usually clears up in a week or two with no specific treatment common. Oct 21, 2009 meningitis can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infection or by brain trauma, cancer, or drugs. Start studying unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis. This axial nonenhanced computed tomography scan shows mild ventriculomegaly and sulcal effacement. Acute bacterial meningitis neurologic disorders merck.
It can be acquired spontaneously in the community communityacquired. Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the membrane covering the brain. Meningitis occurs in people of all ages, but it is more common in children and people over 65. Emerging antibiotic resistance is an upcoming challenge. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis david m. Findings typically include headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. Classification infectious meningitis is broadly classified into three groups.
Vsu student health center nursing staff what is meningitis. Pdf pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis international journal of. Our new crystalgraphics chart and diagram slides for powerpoint is a collection of over impressively designed datadriven chart and editable diagram s guaranteed to impress any audience. This is normally caused by infection but can also have non. Streptococcus pneumoniae and neisseria meningitidis are the most common and most aggressive pathogens of meningitis. Acute bacterial meningitis is rapidly progressive bacterial infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space. We evaluated the data on the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment of bacterial meningitis and considered in depth the information from animal models that may have potentially important applications in the treatment of human disease. Viral aseptic meningitis is a serious, but not usually fatal with people with healthy immune systems. In general, meningitis due to bacteria bacterial meningitis is more severe than meningitis caused by viruses viral meningitis. Meningitis is a rare infection that affects the delicate membranes called meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord. Jul 16, 2019 meningitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the meninges.
For acute bacterial meningitis, prompt treatment using intravenous antibiotics and cortisone medications can help ensure recovery and prevent complications like seizures and swelling of the brain. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults fiona mcgill, robert s heyderman, stavros panagiotou, allan r tunkel, tom solomon over the past several decades, the incidence of bacterial meningitis in children has decreased but there remains a signi. In the past 1015 years, viral meningitis has been recognised increasingly, and can be a substantial cause of morbidity. This text has been written with the intention of making the sometimes complex subject of pathophysiology understandable and stimulating.
Dec 07, 2017 tuberculous meningitis tbm develops in 2 steps. Localized infection escalates within the lungs, with dissemination to the regional lymph nodes. Treatment is with antibiotics and corticosteroids given as soon as possible. Meningitis can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infection or by brain trauma, cancer, or drugs. Bacterial meningitis download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi.
Since the widespread introduction of conjugate vaccines against haemophilus influenzae type b in 1992, neisseria meningitidis serogroup c in 1999, and streptococcus pneumoniae in 2002, the incidence of communityacquired bacterial meningitis has been declining. Causes of meningitis meningitis is due to infection with either viruses or bacteria. It is likely that ros play an important role in the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. A variety of treatments aimed at reducing the inflammatory response have been tried with mixed results. The mumps, measles, influenza, west nile, and herpes viruses also can cause meningitis. Most children with viral meningitis recover completely. Neonatal meningitis is a severe acute infectious disease of the central nervous system and an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The meninges are the three membranes that along with the cerebrospinal fluid, enclose and protect the structures of the nervous system like the brain and the spinal cord. Casp1 plays a central role in the generation of mature il1. In vitro infection of human nasopharyngeal cells in organ culture with meningococci or h. Unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis flashcards quizlet. Acute pyogenic bacterial meningitis aseptic usually acute viral meningitis chronic. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space that can also involve the brain cortex and parenchyma.
The vast majority of meningitis cases are caused by suppurative bacteria and the organsim relates to the sex of the patient. The development of bacterial meningitis progresses through four interconnected phases. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis involve a complex interplay between virulence factors of the pathogens and the host immune response. Pathophysiology questions and answers pdf download. Viral meningitis is most often caused by an enterovirus. Pathophysiology for nurses at a glance pdf ammedicine. Pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis sciencedirect. Additionally, people with weak immune systems are more at risk for meningitis.
This is normally caused by infection but can also have noninfectious causes. Infection of leptomeninges arachnoid and pia maters and subarachnoid space may be bacterial purulent or viral aseptic may be due to infection somewhere else in the body that has spread into the blood and csf. The inflammatory reaction involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space and the brain parenchymal vessels and contributes to neuronal injury. Bamberger, md, university of missourikansas city school of medicine, kansas city, missouri a cute meningitis is a medical emer.
Further information on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis should lead to the development of more innovative treatment andor preventive strategies for this disorder. Despite the availability of bactericidal antibiotics with potent in vitro activity against the major meningeal pathogens, the morbidity and mortality from bacterial meningitis remains unacceptably high. Pdf pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and. Meningitis can be caused by various infectious agents, including viruses, fungi, and protozoans, but bacteria produce the most lifethreatening forms. The treatment for meningitis depends on the particular type or cause. Dec, 2016 meningitis is generally caused by an infection, but chemical meningitis may also occur in response to a bacterial irritant injected into the subarachnoid space. Bacterial meningitis is the most common and serious bacterial infection of the central nervous system cns, char acterized by an acute purulent infection of the. Much rarer causes include fungi or malignant cancer cells. Treatment includes management of shock with restoration of blood volume. Animal models have proven to be extremely valuable in the study of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis, with the hopes of providing new information that may lead to an. Nov 07, 2017 bacterial meningitis pathophysiology armando hasudungan.
Feb 27, 2019 the meninges are the three membranes that along with the cerebrospinal fluid, enclose and protect the structures of the nervous system like the brain and the spinal cord. Pdf pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Much of the damage from this infection is believed to result from cytokines released within the csf as. When meningococci invade the bloodstream, endotoxin is released from the bacteria. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of recurrent. The early diagnosis of any underlying pathology is cru. Much of the damage from this infection is believed to result from cytokines released within the csf as the host mounts an inflammatory response. Meningitis is generally caused by an infection, but chemical meningitis may also occur in response to a bacterial irritant injected into the subarachnoid space. Summary recurrent bacterial meningitis is a rare phenomenon and generally poses a considerable diagnostic challenge to the clinician. Knowing whether meningitis is caused by a virus or a bacterium is important because of.
Scheme depicting the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis 1 mucosal colonization and systemic invasion most cases of bacterial meningitis originate from the host obtaining an infectious agent by nasopharyngeal colonization. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring immediate diagnosis and immediate treatment. Bacterial factors related to invasiveness in the nasopharynx include adhesion factors, iga protease production, ciliary inhibiting factors, the polysaccharide capsule, and surface antigens which may. Unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis flashcards.
For more detailed information see references section. Neurologic sequelae from bacterial meningitis can be grouped into three categories. Most cases of bacterial meningitis originate from the host obtaining an infectious agent by nasopharyngeal colonization. Much of our understanding of the pathophysiology of meningitis has been obtained using animal models of s. Ultimately, a structured approach and early diagnosis of any underlying pathology are crucial to prevent further episodes and improve the overall outcome for the affected individual. Autoimmune encephalitis pathophysiology medical news. The pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis, including colonization of the nasopharynx. Meningitis occurs when the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord become inflamed. The role of caspase casp1 in the pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis has been the subject of recent experiments. Bacterial meningitis pathophysiology armando hasudungan.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli enter the host by droplet inhalation. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. Increased inflammation in bacterial meningitis results a higher icp and thus a high opening pressure. Pathophysiology for nurses at a glance provides you with a concise overview of a number health. Additionally, ventilator assistance, kidney dialysis or other supportive treatments may be needed.
Factors associated with invasion include viral infection, dry dusty air, and passive smoking. Many people are nasopharyngeal carriers of neisseria meningitidis but few develop invasive disease. Acute bacterial meningitis merck manuals professional edition. Renal failure, pulmonary oedema, gastrointestinal ischaemia, and brain impairment may follow. Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis ncbi. Bacterial meningitis is very serious because its onset is rapid and the infection is associated with a significant risk of death. Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis is remarkable for the diversity of interactions that the bacterium has with the human host, ranging from asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonisation affecting virtually all members of the population.
Smoking, secondhand smoke and crowded living conditions also increase the risk for some kinds of. Neonatal meningitis leads to deafness, blindness, cerebral palsy, seizures, hydrocephalus or cognitive. In persons who develop tbm, bacilli seed to the meninges or brain parenchyma, resulting in the formation of small subpial or. However, its very important for anyone with symptoms of meningitis to see a healthcare provider as soon. Treatment is with antibiotics and corticosteroids given as soon as. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis.
Through the use of experimental animal models of infection, a great deal of information has been gleaned concerning the pathogenic and pathophysiologic mechanisms operable in. Mechanisms of brain injury in bacterial meningitis. It can be treated with appropriate antibiotics that also prevents spread. Approximately 10,000 cases of bacterial meningitis occur each year in the united states, whereas other parts of the world have substantially higher incidences. Most cases of meningitis result from infections that are contagious. Through the use of experimental animal models of infection, a great deal of information has been gleaned concerning the pathogenic and pathophysiologic mechanisms operable in bacterial meningitis. Recurrent bacterial meningitis is a much less common phe. Chart and diagram slides for powerpoint beautifully designed chart and diagram s for powerpoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. Pathophysiology of neonatal acute bacterial meningitis. There are several types of this disease, including bacterial, viral, and fungal. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of. This monograph on bacterial meningitis, prepared by a noted internal medicine authority, describes exciting, new advances in the field of meningitis. Incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of viral meningitis in. Incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of viral meningitis in uk. Meningitis, inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Can people with meningitis pass the illness to others. Bacterial meningitis can be lifethreatening and spreads between people in close contact with each other. Bacterial meningitis is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with. Central nervous system involvement may also be due to meningitis. The image below depicts acute bacterial meningitis. May 30, 2018 meningitis occurs when the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord become inflamed. Meningitis powerpoint 2009 warren hills regional school. It is often less severe than bacterial meningitis, and most people get better on their own without treatment. Viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis, an inflammation of the tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord.
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